Zambia - Ogleo Search

The Republic of Zambia (pronounced /ˈzæmbiə/) is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of the country. It is the first and still the only country in Africa that manufactures mobile phones. The population is concentrated mainly around the capital Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt to the northwest.

Zambia has been inhabited for thousands of years by hunter-gatherers and migrating tribes. After sporadic visits by European explorers starting in the 18th century, Zambia was gradually claimed and occupied by the British as protectorate of Northern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century.

On 24 October 1964, the protectorate gained independence with the new name of Zambia, derived from the Zambezi river which flows through the country. Zambia was governed the single-party rule of President Kenneth Kaunda whose 27 years of socialist policies are said to have hurt the economy.^[5] Kaunda acceded to opposition demands for multiparty elections, and in 1991 peacefully relinquished power. Zambia has been a multiparty democracy since 1991. Today the country still faces steep challenges from poverty and AIDS. An estimated 10% of adults are HIV positive. The per capita income is US $1150 (World Bank, 2008). About 55 % of the population are reportedly living on $2 per day.^[6]

1 History
2 Government
3 Provinces
- 3.1 Population of major cities
4 Education
5 Geography
- 5.1 Climate
6 Economy
7 Demographics
8 Culture
9 Sports
10 International rankings
11 See also
12 References
13 Bibliography
14 External links

[edit] History

Main article: History of Zambia

The area of modern Zambia was inhabited by Khoisan hunter-gatherers until around AD 300, when technologically advanced migrating tribes began to displace or absorb them.^[7] In the 12th century, major waves of Bantu-speaking immigrants arrived during the Bantu expansion. Among them, the Tonga people (also called Batonga) were the first to settle in Zambia and are believed to have come from the east near the "big sea". The Nkoya people also arrived early in the expansion, coming from the Luba–Lunda kingdoms located in the southern parts of the modern Democratic Republic of the Congo and northern Angola, followed by a much larger influx, especially between the late 12th and early 13th centuries. In the early 18th century, the Nsokolo people settled in the Mbala district of Northern province. During the 19th century, the Ngoni and Sotho peoples arrived from the south. By the late 19th century, most of the various peoples of Zambia were established in the areas they currently occupy.

A statue of David Livingstone on the Zambian side of Victoria Falls

The earliest account of a European visiting the area was Francisco de Lacerda in the late 18th century, followed by other explorers in the 19th century. The most prominent of these was David Livingstone, who had a vision of ending the slave trade through the "3 C's" (Christianity, Commerce and Civilisation). He was the first European to see the magnificent waterfalls on the Zambezi River in 1855, naming them Victoria Falls after Queen Victoria. Locally the falls are known "Mosi-oa-Tunya" or "(the) thundering smoke" (in the Lozi or Kololo dialect). The town of Livingstone, near the falls, is named after him. Highly publicised accounts of his journeys motivated a wave of explorers, missionaries and traders after his death in 1873.

In 1888, the British South Africa Company, (BSA Company) led by Cecil Rhodes, obtained mineral rights from the Litunga, the king of the Lozi for the area which later became North-Western Rhodesia.^[8] To the east, King Mpezeni of the Ngoni resisted but was defeated in battle^[9] and that part of the country came to be known as North-Eastern Rhodesia. The two were administered as separate units until 1911 when they were merged to form Northern Rhodesia. In 1923, the Company ceded control of Northern Rhodesia to the British Government after the government decided not to renew the Company's charter.

That same year, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), which was also administered by the BSA Company, became self-governing. In 1924, after negotiations, administration of Northern Rhodesia transferred to the British Colonial Office. In 1953, the creation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland grouped together Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland (now Malawi) as a single semi-autonomous region. This was undertaken despite opposition from a sizeable minority of Africans, who demonstrated against it in 1960–61.^[10] Northern Rhodesia was the centre of much of the turmoil and crisis characterizing the federation in its last years. Initially, Harry Nkumbula's African National Congress (ANC) led the campaign that Kenneth Kaunda's United National Independence Party (UNIP) subsequently took up.

A two-stage election held in October and December 1962 resulted in an African majority in the legislative council and an uneasy coalition between the two African nationalist parties. The council passed resolutions calling for Northern Rhodesia's secession from the federation and demanding full internal self-government under a new constitution and a new National Assembly based on a broader, more democratic franchise. The federation was dissolved on 31 December 1963, and in January 1964, Kaunda won the first and only election for Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia. The Colonial Governor, Sir Evelyn Hone, was very close to Kaunda and urged him to stand for the post. Soon afterwards there was an uprising in the north of the country known as the Lumpa Uprising led by Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.

Northern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zambia on 24 October 1964, with Kaunda as the first president.

At independence, despite its considerable mineral wealth, Zambia faced major challenges. Domestically, there were few trained and educated Zambians capable of running the government, and the economy was largely dependent on foreign expertise.^{[citation needed]} There were 70,000 Europeans in Zambia in 1964, who were of great economic importance.^[11] During the next decade, Kaunda's regime supported movements such as UNITA in Angola; the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU); the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa; and the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO).^{[citation needed]} Kaunda developed close relations with communist regimes in the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. Kaunda developed a close friendship with Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein.^[12]^{[dubious – discuss]}

Conflict with Rhodesia resulted in the closure of the border with that country in 1973 and severe problems with international transport and power supply. However, the Kariba hydroelectric station on the Zambezi River provided sufficient capacity to satisfy the country's requirements for electricity (despite the fact that the control centre was on the Rhodesian side of the border). A railway to the Tanzanian port of Dar es Salaam, built with Chinese assistance, reduced Zambian dependence on railway lines south to South Africa and west through an increasingly troubled Angola. Until the completion of the railway, however, Zambia's major artery for imports and the critical export of copper was along the TanZam Road, running from Zambia to the port cities in Tanzania. The Tazama oil pipeline was also built from Dar-es-Salaam to Ndola in Zambia.

By the late 1970s, Mozambique and Angola had attained independence from Portugal. Zimbabwe achieved independence in accordance with the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement, however Zambia's problems were not solved. Civil war in the former Portuguese colonies created an influx of refugees and caused continuing transportation problems. The Benguela railway, which extended west through Angola, was essentially closed to traffic from Zambia by the late 1970s. Zambia's strong support for the ANC (despite both the Zambian ANC and the SA ANC being banned within Zambia), which had its external headquarters in Lusaka, created security problems as South Africa raided South African ANC military training camps in Zambia.

In the mid-1970s, the price of copper, Zambia's principal export, suffered a severe decline worldwide. In Zambia's situation, the cost of transporting the copper great distances to market was an additional strain. Zambia turned to foreign and international lenders for relief, but, as copper prices remained depressed, it became increasingly difficult to service its growing debt. By the mid-1990s, despite limited debt relief, Zambia's per capita foreign debt remained among the highest in the world.

In June 1990 riots against Kaunda accelerated. Many protesters were killed by the regime in breakthrough June 1990 protests. Kaunda faced one coup attempt in 1990. In 1991, Kaunda's dictatorship fell and was replaced by multiparty elections.

In the 2000s, the economy has stabilized, attaining single-digit inflation in 2006–2007, real GDP growth, decreasing interest rates, and increasing levels of trade. Much of its growth is due to foreign investment in Zambia's mining sector and higher copper prices on the world market.

[edit] Government

Liberation statue in front of a government building

Main article: Politics of Zambia

Zambian politics take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Zambia is both head of state and head of government in a pluriform multi-party system. The government exercises executive power, while legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964.

[edit] Provinces

Main articles: Provinces of Zambia and Districts of Zambia

The provinces of Zambia

Zambia is divided into nine provinces, each administered by an appointed deputy minister. Each province is subdivided into several districts with a grand total of 72 districts. The provinces are:

[edit] Population of major cities

	City	Pop. 2000^[13]	Pop. 2010^[13]
1.	Lusaka	1,084,703	1,460,566
2.	Ndola	374,757	495,004
3.	Kitwe	363,734	547,700
4.	Kabwe	176,758	215,015
5.	Chingola	147,448	178,092
6.	Mufulira	122,336	141,056
7.	Luanshya	115,579	132 117
8.	Livingstone	97,488	133,936
9.	Kasama	74,243	111,588
10.	Chipata	73,110	109,344

[edit] Education

Main articles: Education in Zambia and List of schools in Zambia

Education in Zambia is provided at three levels: Basic education (years 1 to 9), and upper secondary (years 10 to 12). Some schools provide a "basic" education covering years 1 to 9, as year 9 is considered to be a decent level of education for the majority of children. However, tuition is only free up to year 7, and UNESCO estimated that 80% of children of primary school age in 2002 were enrolled.^[14] Most children drop out after year 7 when fees must be paid.

Both government and private schools exist in Zambia. The private school system began largely as a result of Christian mission efforts during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Educational opportunities beyond secondary school are limited in Zambia. After secondary school, most students study at the various colleges, around the country. There are three main universities: the University of Zambia (UNZA), Mulungushi University (MU) and the Copperbelt University (CBU). Normally they all select students on the basis of ability; competition for places is intense. The introduction of fees in the late 1990s has made university level education inaccessible for some, although the government does provide state bursaries. Copperbelt University opened in the late 1980s, taking over most of the former Zambia Institute of Technology site in Kitwe. Other centres of education include the Public Administration College (NIPA), the Northern Technical College (NORTEC), the National Resources Development College (NRDC), the Evelyn Hone College, and Northrise University. There are also several teacher training colleges offering two-year training programmes, whilst missionary hospitals around the country offer internationally acceptable training for nurses. Several Christian schools offer seminary-level training.

[edit] Geography

Main article: Geography of Zambia

Map of Zambia

Victoria Falls is by some measures the largest waterfall in the world

Kalambo Falls

[edit] Climate

Main article: Climate of Zambia

The climate of Zambia is tropical modified by elevation. In the Köppen climate classification, most of the country is classified as humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry, with small stretches of semi-arid steppe climate in the south-west and along the Zambezi valley.

There are two main seasons, the rainy season (November to April) corresponding to summer, and the dry season (May/June to October/November), corresponding to winter. The dry season is subdivided into the cool dry season (May/June to August), and the hot dry season (September to October/November). The modifying influence of altitude gives the country pleasant subtropical weather rather than tropical conditions during the cool season of May to August.^[16] However, average monthly temperatures remain above 20°C over most of the country for eight or more months of the year.

[edit] Economy

Main article: Economy of Zambia

The major Nkana open copper mine, Kitwe.

About 68% of Zambians live below the recognised national poverty line,^[17] with rural poverty rates standing at about 78%^[18] and urban rates of 53%.^[19] Zambia ranked 117th out of 128 countries on the 2007 Global Competitiveness Index, which looks at factors that affect economic growth.^[20] Per capita annual incomes are currently at about one-half their levels at independence and, at $395, place the country among the world's poorest nations. Social indicators continue to decline, particularly in measurements of life expectancy at birth (about 40.9 years) and maternal mortality (830 per 100,000 pregnancies)[1]. The country's rate of economic growth cannot support rapid population growth or the strain which HIV/AIDS related issues place on the economy.

During the decades of Kaunda's socialist policies, Zambia fell into poverty, especially after international copper prices declined in the 1970s. The socialist regime made up for falling revenue with several abortive attempts at International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). After the dictatorship ended, successive governments have begun limited reforms. The economy stagnated until late 1990s. In 2007 Zambia recorded ninth consecutive year of economic growth. Inflation was 8.9%, down from 30% in 2000.^[21]

Zambia is still dealing with economic reform issues such as the size of the public sector and improving Zambia's social sector delivery systems.^[21] Economic regulations and red tape are extensive, and corruption is widespread. Zambia's total foreign debt exceeded $6 billion when the country qualified for Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) debt relief in 2000, contingent upon meeting certain performance criteria. Initially, Zambia hoped to reach the HIPC completion point, and benefit from substantial debt forgiveness, in late 2003. In January 2003, the Zambian government informed the IMF and World Bank that it wished to renegotiate some of the agreed performance criteria calling for privatisation of the Zambia National Commercial Bank and the national telephone and electricity utilities. Although agreements were reached on these issues, subsequent overspending on civil service wages delayed Zambia's final HIPC debt forgiveness from late 2003 to early 2005, at the earliest. In an effort to reach HIPC completion in 2004, the government drafted an austerity budget for 2004, freezing civil service salaries and increasing a number of taxes.^{[citation needed]}

The Zambian economy has historically been based on the copper mining industry. Output of copper had fallen, however, to a low of 228,000 metric tons in 1998, after a 30 year decline in output due to lack of investment, low copper prices, and uncertainty over privatisation. In 2002, following privatisation of the industry, copper production rebounded to 337,000 metric tons. Improvements in the world copper market have magnified the effect of this volume increase on revenues and foreign exchange earnings. Recently, firms like Vedanta Resources, a London-based miner acquired Konkola Copper Mines (KCM). Vedanta transformed the company and continues investing in the Zambian economy. For example, it is undertaking the largest single investment in the country in early 2006.^{[citation needed]}

The Zambian government is pursuing an economic diversification programme to reduce the economy's reliance on the copper industry. This initiative seeks to exploit other components of Zambia's rich resource base by promoting agriculture, tourism, gemstone mining, and hydro-power. In 2003, exports of nonmetals increased by 25% and accounted for 38% of all export earnings, previously 35%. The Zambian government has recently been granting licenses to international resource companies to prospect for minerals such as nickel, tin, copper and uranium.^[22] It is hoped that nickel will take over from copper as the country's top metallic export. In 2009, Zambia has been badly hit by the world economic crisis.^[23]

[edit] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Zambia

[edit] Languages

The official language of Zambia is English, which is used to conduct official business and is the medium of instruction in schools. The main local language, especially in Lusaka, is Nyanja. However, Bemba and Nyanja are spoken in the urban areas in addition to other indigenous languages which are commonly spoken in Zambia. These are: Ambo, Aushi, Bisa, Chikunda, Cishinga, Cokwe, Gova, Ila, Inamwanga, Iwa, Kabende, Kaonde, Kosa, Kunda, Kwandi, Kwandu, Kwangwa, Lala, Lamba, Lenje, Leya, Lima, Liyuwa, Lozi, Luano, Lucazi, Lumbu, Lunda, Lundwe, Lungu, Luunda, Luvale, Makoma, Mambwe, Mashasha, Mashi, Mbowe, Mbukushu, Mbumi, Mbunda, Mbwela, Mukulu, Mulonga, Ndembu, Ng'umbo, Nkoya, Nsenga, Nyengo, Nyiha, Sala, Seba, Senga, Shanjo, Shila, Simaa, Soli, Subiya, Swaka, Tabwa, Tambo, Toka, Tonga, Totela, Tumbuka, Twa, Unga, Wandya and Yombe. Estimates of the total number of languages spoken in Zambia add up to 72,^[29] thirteen (13) dialects are counted as languages in their own right which brings this number to 85. The process of urbanisation has had a dramatic effect on some of the indigenous languages, including the assimilation of words from other indigenous languages and English. Urban dwellers sometimes differentiate between urban and rural dialects of the same language by prefixing the rural languages with 'deep'. Most will thus speak Bemba and Nyanja on the Copperbelt while Nyanja is dominantly spoken in Lusaka and Eastern Zambia. English is used in official communications and the chosen (husbands/wives) language at home if (as is now common) there is an intertribal family. As a member of the SADC, Portuguese was introduced in the nation as an instruction in its primary school system, especially that there is a strong Angolan population in the nation.^[30] Languages like Kaonde, Lunda, Luvale, and Tonga come from other country explorers.

[edit] Religion

[edit] Health

HIV prevalence exceeds 10%. Public expenditure on health was at 3.4 of the GDP in 2004. expenditure on health was at 2.9 % in the same year. Health expenditure was at US$ 63 (PPP) in 2004. Infant mortality was at 102 per 1,000 in 2005.

[edit] Culture

Wire craft in Kitwe

The culture of Zambia is mainly indigenous Bantu culture mixed with European influences. Prior to the establishment of modern Zambia, the indigenous people lived in independent tribes, each with their own ways of life. One of the results of the colonial era was the growth of urbanization. Different ethnic groups started living together in towns and cities, influencing each other as well as adopting a lot of the European culture. The original cultures have largely survived in the rural areas. In the urban setting there is a continuous integration and evolution of these cultures to produce what is now called "Zambian culture".

Nshima (top right corner) with three relishes

Traditional culture is very visible through colourful annual Zambian traditional ceremonies. Some of the more prominent are: Kuomboka and Kathanga (Western Province), Mutomboko (Luapula Province), Ncwala (Eastern Province), Lwiindi and Shimunenga (Southern Province), Likumbi Lyamize (North Western), Chibwela Kumushi (Central Province), Ukusefya Pa Ng’wena (Northern Province).

Popular traditional arts are mainly in pottery, basketry (such as Tonga baskets), stools, fabrics, mats, wooden carvings, ivory carvings, wire craft and copper crafts.^{[citation needed]} Most Zambian traditional music is based on drums (and other percussion instruments) with a lot of singing and dancing.^{[citation needed]} In the urban areas foreign genres of music are popular, in particular Congolese rumba, African-American music and Jamaican reggae. Several psychedelic rock artists emerged in the 1970s to create a genre known as "Zamrock," including The Witch, The Peace, Amanaz & Chrissy Zebby Tembo, among others.^{[citation needed]}

The Zambian staple diet is based on maize. It is normally eaten as a thick porridge, called Nshima (Nyanja Word), prepared from maize flour commonly known as mealie meal. This may be eaten with a variety of vegetables, beans, meat, fish or sour milk depending on geographical location/origin. Nshima is also prepared from cassava, a staple food in some parts of the country.

[edit] Sports

Zambia declared its independence on the day of the closing ceremony of the 1964 Summer Olympics, thereby becoming the first country ever to have entered an Olympic games as one country, and left it as another.^{[citation needed]}

Today, the most popular sport in Zambia is football (soccer) and the Zambia national football team has had its triumphant moments in football history. At the Seoul Olympics of 1988, the National Team defeated the Italian National team by a score of 4–0. Kalusha Bwalya, Zambia's most celebrated football player and one of Africa's greatest football talents had a hat trick in that match. However to this day, many pundits say the greatest team Zambia has ever assembled was the one that perished on 28 April 1993 in a plane crash at Libreville, Gabon. Despite this, in 1996, Zambia was ranked 15th on the official FIFA world football/soccer team rankings, the highest attained by any southern African team. Zambia also produced the first black African (Madalitso Muthiya) to play in the United States Golf Open, one of the four major golf tournaments. Rugby, boxing and cricket are also popular sports in Zambia. Notably, at one time in the early 2000s, the Australia and South Africa national rugby teams were captained by players born in the same Lusaka hospital, respectively George Gregan and Corné Krige. Zambia boasts having the highest rugby poles in the world, located at Luanshya Sports Complex in Luanshya.^{[citation needed]} Rugby union in Zambia is a minor but growing sport. They are currently ranked 73rd by the IRB and have 3,650 registered plays and 3 formally organised clubs.^[35] Zambia used to play cricket as part of Rhodesia. Zambia has also strangely provided a shinty international, Zambian-born Eddie Tembo representing Scotland in the compromise rules Shinty/Hurling game against Ireland in 2008.^[36]

In 2011, Zambia was due to host the tenth All-Africa Games, for which three stadiums will be built in Lusaka, Ndola, and Livingstone.^[37] The Lusaka stadium will have a capacity of 70,000 spectators while the other two stadiums will hold 50,000 people each. The government is encouraging the private sector to get involved in the construction of the sports facilities because of a shortage of public funds for the project. Zambia has since revoked its bid to host the 2011 All-Africa Games, citing a lack of funds. Instead, Mozambique will be hosting.

Zambia took part in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

[edit] International rankings

Organization	Survey	Ranking
Institute for Economics and Peace^[38]	Global Peace Index^[39]	58 out of 144
United Nations Development Programme	Human Development Index	164 out of 182
Transparency International	Corruption Perceptions Index	99 out of 180
forld Economic Forum	Global Competitiveness Report	112 out of 133

[edit] See also

Zambia portal

Main articles: Outline of Zambia and Index of Zambia-related articles

List of countries by copper mine production

v • d • e Zambia topics

Politics and law	Defence Force · Elections · Flag · Foreign relations · National Assembly · Parliamentary constituencies · Political parties · President · Prime Minister · Vice President

History	Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland · Monuments and historic sites · Northern Rhodesia

Geography and ecology	Cities and towns · Climate · Districts · Ecoregions · National parks · Provinces · Wildlife

Economy and infrastructure	Airports · Bank of Zambia · Communications · Companies · Kwacha · Lusaka Stock Exchange · Transport

Culture and society	Demographics · Education · Films · Languages · Music · Notable Zambians · Religion

List of Zambia-related topics · Portal:Zambia

[edit] References

^ United Nations Statistics Division. "Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density" (PDF). http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (.PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.1. 2008 revision. United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
^ Central Statistical Office, Government of Zambia. "Population size, growth and composition" (PDF). http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/media/chapter_3_population_comp._size_and_growth-_final.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Zambia". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=754&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=69&pr.y=11. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
^ Robert Guest (2004). The Shackled Continent. ISBN 978-1588342140.
^ UNDP: Human development indices - Table 3: Human and income poverty (Population living below national poverty line (2000-2007))
^ Holmes, Timothy (1998). Cultures of the World: Zambia. Tarrytown, New York: Times Books International. pp. 19–20. ISBN 0-7614-0694-8.
^ Livingstone Tourism Association. "Destination:Zambia - History and Culture". http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
^ Human Rights & Documentation Centre. "Zambia: Historical Background". Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
^ Pearson Education. "Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of". http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
^ ^a ^b 1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia. BBC On This Day.
^ Kaunda and Southern Africa by Stephen Chan
^ ^a ^b http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-246&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan
^ Abby Riddell, UNESCO (2003). "The introduction of free primary education in sub-Saharan Africa". http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001469/146914e.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
^ Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique. Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001).
^ Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.
^ Development Indicators Unit, Statistics Division, United Nations. "Population below national poverty line, total, percentage". http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=581&crid=894. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
^ Development Indicators Unit, Statistics Division, United Nations. "Population below national poverty line, rural, percentage". http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=583&crid=894. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
^ Development Indicators Unit, Statistics Division, United Nations. "Population below national poverty line, urban, percentage". http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=582&crid=894. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
^ "Zambia Country Brochure". World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTZAMBIA/Resources/Zambia_Brochure_V_3.pdf.
^ ^a ^b "Background Note: Zambia". Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm.
^ Pennysharesonline.com, City Equities Limited (2006-07-14). "Albidon signs agreement with Zambian government". http://www.pennysharesonline.com/News/Articles/735922.asp. Retrieved 2006-10-30. ^{[dead link]}
^ Chinese keep low profile to cash in on the slump in Zambia. The Times. January 24, 2009.
^ Zambians wary of "exploitative" Chinese employers. Irinnews.org. November 23, 2006.
^ "Zim's Loss, Zam's gain: White Zimbabweans making good in Zambia", The Economist, June 2004, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_200406/ai_n18258193/, retrieved 2009-08-28 .
^ Thielke, Thilo (2004-12-27), "Settling in Zambia: Zimbabwe's Displaced Farmers Find a New Home", Der Spiegel, http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,334756,00.html, retrieved 2009-08-28 .
^ ^a ^b "World Refugee Survey 2008". U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 2008-06-19. http://www.refugees.org/survey/.
^ "Zambia: Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans", IRIN News, 2008-06-09, http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78648, retrieved 2009-08-28 .
^ "Zanglish". http://www.zanglish.com/. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
^ Zambia to introduce Portuguese into school curriculum.
^ Matthew Steel (2005). Pentecostalism in Zambia : Power, Authority and the Overcomers. MSc Dissertation. University of Wales.
^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (U.S. Department of State). "International Religious Freedom Report 2003". http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/23761.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
^ Adherents.com. "The Largest Baha'i Communities". http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
^ DL Publicaciones. "About DLP". http://www.devlp.com/dla.html#masetlha. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
^ IRB Zambia page. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
^ Tembo's return is boost for Glen.
^ "Zambia to build three stadia for 2011 All-Africa Games". People's Daily Online. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200602/22/eng20060222_244775.html. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
^ Institute for Economics & Peace. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
^ "Vision of Humanity". Vision of Humanity. http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi/home.php. Retrieved 2010-02-04.

[edit] Bibliography

James Ferguson, Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life in the Zambian Copperbelt. University of California Press 1999.

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Zambian Map
Zambian Dancer
Lusaka Times LT is an electronic news platform that allows all types of users to have an open discussion on the day to day current issues in Zambia

Tourism

Zambia Tourism Board (Extensive travel guide)
Zambia travel guide from Wikitravel
Zambia Travel Guide Zambia Travel Information

Geographic locale

v • d • e Countries and territories of Africa

West Africa	Benin · Burkina Faso · Cape Verde · Côte d'Ivoire · The Gambia · Ghana · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Liberia · Mali · Mauritania · Niger · Nigeria · Senegal · Sierra Leone · Togo

North Africa	Algeria · Egypt · Libya · Mauritania · Morocco · Sudan · Tunisia

Central Africa	Angola · Burundi · Cameroon · Central African Republic · Chad · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Equatorial Guinea · Gabon · Rwanda · São Tomé and Príncipe

East Africa	Burundi · Comoros · Djibouti · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Kenya · Madagascar · Malawi · Mauritius · Mozambique · Seychelles · Somalia · Tanzania · Uganda · Zambia · Zimbabwe

Southern Africa	Botswana · Lesotho · Namibia · South Africa · Swaziland

States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic · Somaliland

Partially in Africa	France (Réunion) · Italy (Pantelleria) · Portugal (Madeira) · Spain (Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / Plazas de soberanía) · Yemen (Socotra)

Dependencies	Iles Eparses (France) · Mayotte (France) · Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)

Disputed areas	Western Sahara

Niger-Congo-speaking nations

Kordofanian

Sudan

Côte d'Ivoire
Nigeria

Burkina Faso
Benin

Togo

Atlantic-Congo

Atlantic
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
CAR

Ijoid

Nigeria

Chad
Côte d'Ivoire
Gambia
Guinea

Dogon

Mali

Guinea-Bissau
Liberia
Mali

Mauritania
Niger
Senegal

Sierra Leone
Sudan
Togo

Volta-Congo

Senufo
Benin
Côte d'Ivoire
Mali

Gur
Benin
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana
Mali
Nigeria
Togo

Adamawa-Ubangi
Cameroon
CAR
Chad
Nigeria

Kru
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
Liberia

Kwa
Benin
Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana
Nigeria
Togo

Benue-Congo

Bantu
Angola
Botswana
Burundi
Cameroon
DRC

Yoruba and Igbo

Nigeria

Rep. of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Kenya
Lesotho

Nigeria
Malawi
Mozambique
Namibia

Rwanda
South Africa
Swaziland

Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe

CAR = Central African Republic • DRC = Democratic Republic of the Congo

International membership

African Union (AU)

Algeria · Angola · Benin · Botswana · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cameroon · Cape Verde · Central African Republic · Chad · Comoros · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Côte d'Ivoire · Djibouti · Egypt · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Equatorial Guinea · Gabon · The Gambia · Ghana · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Kenya · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya · Madagascar · Malawi · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Mozambique · Namibia · Niger · Nigeria · Rwanda · Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · South Africa · Sudan · Swaziland · Tanzania · Togo · Tunisia · Uganda · Zambia · Zimbabwe

v • d • e Southern African Development Community (SADC)

Member states	Angola · Botswana · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Lesotho · Madagascar · Malawi · Mauritius · Mozambique · Namibia · South Africa · Swaziland · Tanzania · Zambia · Zimbabwe

Leaders	Chairpersons: Levy Mwanawasa · Kgalema Motlanthe Secretaries-General: Kaire Mbuende · Prega Ramsamy · Tomaz Salomão

See also	Southern African Development Coordination Conference · Southern African Customs Union · Common Monetary Area · Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

Members of the Commonwealth of Nations

Sovereign states

Antigua and Barbuda · Australia · Bahamas · Bangladesh · Barbados · Belize · Botswana · Brunei · Cameroon · Canada · Cyprus · Dominica · Fiji (suspended) · The Gambia · Ghana · Grenada · Guyana · India · Jamaica · Kenya · Kiribati · Lesotho · Malawi · Malaysia · Maldives · Malta · Mauritius · Mozambique · Namibia · Nauru · New Zealand · Nigeria · Pakistan · Papua New Guinea · Rwanda · St. Kitts and Nevis · St. Lucia · St. Vincent and the Grenadines · Samoa · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Singapore · Solomon Islands · South Africa · Sri Lanka · Swaziland · Tanzania · Tonga · Trinidad and Tobago · Tuvalu · Uganda · United Kingdom · Vanuatu · Zambia

Dependencies

Australia	Ashmore and Cartier Islands · Australian Antarctic Territory · Christmas Island · Cocos (Keeling) Islands · Coral Sea Islands · Heard Island and McDonald Islands · Norfolk Island

New Zealand	Cook Islands · Niue · Ross Dependency · Tokelau

United Kingdom	Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Anguilla · Bermuda · British Antarctic Territory · British Indian Ocean Territory · British Virgin Islands · Cayman Islands · Falkland Islands · Gibraltar · Guernsey · Isle of Man · Jersey · Montserrat · Pitcairn Islands · St. Helena (including Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha) · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands · Turks and Caicos Islands

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