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Vietnam - Wikipedia

  
Briefly covers the history, geography, politics, economy, culture, and demographics of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam

National Association of Manufacturers

  
Multi-industry trade association advancing a pro-growth, pro-worker policy agenda.
http://www.nam.org/

Vietnam

  
Facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, economy, foreign relations of Vietnam.
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4130.htm

Vietnam War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  
Unification of North and South Vietnam under North Vietnamese rule. ... The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities (See: Vietnam War casualties) ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War

Vietnam travel guide - Wikitravel

  
Open source travel guide to Vietnam, featuring up-to-date information on attractions, hotels, restaurants, nightlife, travel tips and more. ...
http://wikitravel.org/en/Vietnam

Vietnam: Definition from Answers.com

  
(Click to enlarge) Vietnam (Mapping Specialists, Ltd.) Vietnam A country of southeast Asia in eastern Indochina on the South China Sea
http://www.answers.com/topic/vietnam

Vietnam.com

  
Indochina travel experts, offering tours and hotel reservations in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar.
http://www.vietnam.com/

Vietnam - World Factbook

  
Features statistics and maps.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html

Vietnam - New World Encyclopedia

  
Vietnam officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a nation in Southeast Asia. ... Vietnam has a tropical monsoon climate, with humidity averaging 84 percent ...
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Vietnam

Tong cuc Du lich Viet Nam - Vietnam National Administration ...

  
Providing travel, cultural, festival, and food information for tourists. Also includes country profile and socio-economic info. Also in Vietnamese.
http://www.vietnamtourism.com/
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 Questions 'n' Answers about 'Vietnam' Opens New Window.

Q.Vietnam...?Related Search:
Other - Vietnam
 I am very, very keen to live in Vietnam for a few months. I am a Westener, and looking for any work possible. Has anyone done the same? Is it exceptionally hard?
A.I don't know to be honest.
  

Q.vietnam...?Related Search:
History
 this is for homework so plz dont give me completely detailed answerseveryone, id actually like to research it myself, i just want to know how did the second indochinese war impact on the lives of vietnamese women and children? thanks! =]
A.The most important factor to understand was the difference between the strategic aims of the Americans and North Vietnamese. For the Americans, the war was a seen as a limited stand against Sino-Soviet expansion into southeast Asia without the use of nuclear weapons. For the Viet Minh and Cong, unification was seen as a nationalistic/socialistic rejection of foreign influence over Vietnam. Vietnamese communists wished neither American, Soviet or Chinese influence over the nation. It was the failure of understanding historical differences in perspective that led to the tragic development of the conflict. This has been admitted by Robert MacNamara, who was the Secretary of Defense under both President Kennedy and Johnson. Check out Gulf of Tonkin Resolution for further understanding of Executive Orders in Presidential War powers as well. You'll get bonus points.
  

Q.How did the vietnam war begin?Related Search:
Military
 Did the war in vietnam begin as a result of Noth Vietnam's invasion of the south or as a result of south vietnam's refusal to participate in the 1956 unification election and repression of political dissent? In other words, was it an international war of communist aggression, a civil war, or a revolutionary war? This is an essay topic for my vietnam class if you could please give me something to get started with i would greatly appreciate it.
A.The Second Indochina (Vietnam) War arose from the violations by the US of all aspects of the "1954 Geneva Agreements on Indochina" which the US was violating even as the agreements were being negotiated and signed. The US sent CIA operatives into the northern zone to destroy major infrastructure, such as dams, dikes, railway tracks and junctions, oil and coal depots etc plus to carry out a dis-information campaign against the Viet Minh saying that the Viet Minh would start persecuting the Catholics (15% of Vietnamese are Catholic and 85% are Mahayana Buddhist). There are several start dates used by historians for the Second Indochina War. They are -- 1954 - Before the First Indochina War (War of Independence 1947-1954) was finished. 1956 - When the US and Ngo Dien Diem would not allow nationwide elections in the southern zone for the reunification of Vietnam. Again in violation of the Geneva Agreements. 1959 - When the conference was held just outside of Saigon that created the National Liberation Front of Southern Vietnam (NLF). Mid 1960 - When the NLF attacked an ARVN (South Vietnamese) Police station -- the first military action between the NLF and the ARVN. February 1961 - this is the date the US military uses because of the "Death of the first US serviceman in Vietnam". Actually seven (7) other US servicemen had been killed in Vietnam between 1957 and 1961. ---===== The war was a civil war with foreign assistance on one side (at the start -- the US illegally creating the "Republic of South Vietnam" in violation of international law and the 1954 Geneva Agreements. It was also a war for the reunification of Vietnam, as called for in the Geneva Agreements. +++++ I suggest you download a copy, in English, of the "1954 Geneva Agreements on Indochina" and read the document fully. I further recommend that you read "The Pentagon Papers", as published by the New York Times. Read the Vietnamese chapters of several history books on Southeast Asia. I suggest "In Search of Southeast Asia" edited by Dr. David Chandler. Another is "History of Southeast Asia" by D.G.H. Hall. Both are American professors. There are a number of other books I can suggest from academics or journalists who worked in Vietnam and covered the war and some are conservative in their writings while others are more against the US in all aspects. Most of the journalists I could recommend were supportive of the US involvement at the start but quickly changed their minds within a couple of years.
  

Q.Has Vietnam become an expensive tourist trap (especially in North) or is it still a nice place to visit?Related Search:
Other - Vietnam
 I've heard recently from a few travelers that Vietnam, mainly north of Nhatrang, is no longer a nice place to visit because there are so many tourists that it's become a haven for lots of scams and touts and the prices for everything are now really expensive . Has anyone been there recently? Is it worth visiting? I was planning a trip there but am thinking of switching to another country in Southeast Asia.
A.What Happy says about Nha Trang is true. Saigon is getting really bad as well but you would be wrong to think the thieves and snatch and grabbers target only foreigners, they don't. There's no active policing in Vietnam. Well, none I can see. My wife asked a high ranking cop who lived near us in Nha Trang, why the police allow the taxi girls to ''roll'' drunks leaving the nightspots in NT late at night. His response is typical of the attitude by police toward law and order issues here. He told her that if these people were caught and bought to the police, they'd be in a lot of trouble. She was going to ask the obvious but didn't bother! Its not like the taxi girls hide. They assemble every night around midnight to ply their trade. I have personally seen security guards working the biggest nightclub on the beach in NT signaling taxi girls in the shadows that a prospect was on his way! When it comes to being ripped off some foreigners don't do themselves any favors by throwing money around. Why they do it is anybody's guess but in my experience those that do bignote themselves are usually those who can least afford it. If a Vietnamese can get X amount for an item from one foreigner, they assume all foreigners will be willing to pay the same and adjust prices accordingly. And in regards to that wonderful American initiative, tipping, watch closely when you visit Vietnamese restaurants and see if you can spot Vietnamese tipping the staff. My wife (Viet) use to like to tip when we went out until I started deducting the tips from her weekly allowance. She hasn't tipped in years. Funny that. P.s. Don't be frightened to visit, just be aware. Don't go flashing around things like Iphones, Ipads and other trendie stuff and you'll be OK. The majority of Vietnamese are good people but they show a reluctance to get involved when these scam artists and thieves strike in case they become a target for payback. And that's understandable in a country with real law and order issues.
  

Q.How to get a wedding blessing in vietnam?Related Search:
Other - Vietnam
 Both myself and my girlfriend are british and would like to have 1 month travelling to Thailand, Cambodia and vietnam. We would like to get a wedding blessing in vietnam before returning to England and legally marrying at a registry office. How do I go about getting a wedding blessing in vietnam? Is there anyway I could organise this myself?
A.you can go to vietnam and ask them if you want a good answer, or there is always email
  

Q.What does one say to a Vietnam veteran when the anniversary arrives 30 April the day Vietnam fell?Related Search:
Military
 Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, and its presidential palace were taken over on April 30, 1975, by the North Vietnamese army with heavy artillery. The assault ended the Vietnam War, and reunified Vietnam. American diplomats evacuated, and some Vietnamese made it to Clark Air Force Base in the Philippines, or onto U.S. Navy ships off the coast of South Vietnam. The United States Marines ran away and was defeated in the last battle. The Marines never recovered.
A.1) The Second Indochina War (commonly called the Vietnam War) did not end on 30 April, 1975. It ended on 4 December 1975 when the Pathet Lao took control of Vientiane, Laos. Yes, Saigon fell to the Peoples Army of Vietnam (PAV, not the incorrect name NVA). Cambodia fell to the Khmer Rouge on 15 April, 1975 although there was fighting by US Marines and Khmer Rouge at Kompong Som between 12-15 May, 1975 over the Mayaguz Incident. 2) Technically, and legally, under international law and the "1954 Geneva Agreements on Indochina", Vietnam was one country which was supposed to have been TEMPORARILY divided until nationwide elections in 1956. The US violated those agreements even before they were signed and continued to do so until 1975. Saigon was legally NOT the capital of the illegal Republic of South Vietnam. 3) Heavy artillery was not used on the Presidential Palace in Saigon, it was tanks. 4) People, especially the US Marines would say that they did not run away. Also, they did not have to recover from anything. ========= You may say that the Vietnam Vets fought an illegal war for an illegal government BUT, most fought well and did their duty, and therefore should be respected.
  

Q.How did the vietnam war alter the american psyche in the years after the 1975 defeat in Hanoi?Related Search:
History
 and what were the main factors in the Vietnam War which contributed to America's protest movement in the late 1960's and 1970's? Considering: President Nixon and LBJ and the Congress Policy and other things too. =] Ta
A.North Vietnam's government truly was Vietnamese. South Vietnam just represented the USA, which was an alien culture to the Vietnamese. As the war escalated, the bombing of innocent people only proved that the USA and South Vietnam government were not Vietnamese. In the Vietnam War, the costs overwhelmed the benefits over the long-term, for Americans. I include death and injury as well as expenses as costs. In the end, it is the American people who paid for this war. If you see the economy is in bad shape, are you going to favor spending on a war with no end? If you know someone who was killed or injured, would you favor a war with no end? What were the benefits of this war? Control of a region with a culture most Americans do not understand? How does that benefit most Americans? The benefits seem insubstantial and fleeting. Since at some level most Americans know that the costs overwhelm the benefits, then it was in our best interests to end each of this war even if it results in a lost. The Pentagon claims that they were successful in killing more of the enemy than American allies were killed. This may be true but the enemy did not surrender. The Vietnamese believed they were fighting for their country's survival and the Americans and their allies were not. The Americans gave up because they did not have as much at stake as the Vietnamese.
  
 Dictionary Opens New Window.
2 definitions found for Vietnam:

From WordNet (r) 2.0:

Vietnam
     n 1: a communist state in Indochina on the South China Sea;
          achieved independence from France in 1945 [syn: Socialist
          Republic of Vietnam, Viet Nam, Annam]
     2: a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of
        North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the
        non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported
        by the United States [syn: Vietnam War]


From CIA World Factbook 2002:

Vietnam

   Introduction Vietnam
   --------------------
                            Background: France occupied all of Vietnam by
                                        1884. Independence was declared
                                        after World War II, but the French
                                        continued to rule until 1954 when
                                        they were defeated by Communist
                                        forces under Ho Chi MINH, who took
                                        control of the north. US economic
                                        and military aid to South Vietnam
                                        grew through the 1960s in an attempt
                                        to bolster the government, but US
                                        armed forces were withdrawn
                                        following a cease-fire agreement in
                                        1973. Two years later North
                                        Vietnamese forces overran the south.
                                        Economic reconstruction of the
                                        reunited country has proven
                                        difficult as aging Communist Party
                                        leaders have only grudgingly
                                        initiated reforms necessary for a
                                        free market.
  
   Geography Vietnam
   -----------------
                              Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the
                                        Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin,
                                        and South China Sea, alongside
                                        China, Laos, and Cambodia
                Geographic coordinates: 16 00 N, 106 00 E
                        Map references: Southeast Asia
                                  Area: total: 329,560 sq km
                                        land: 325,360 sq km
                                        water: 4,200 sq km
                    Area - comparative: slightly larger than New Mexico
                       Land boundaries: total: 4,639 km
                                        border countries: Cambodia 1,228 km,
                                        China 1,281 km, Laos 2,130 km
                             Coastline: 3,444 km (excludes islands)
                       Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 NM
                                        territorial sea: 12 NM
                                        continental shelf: 200 NM or to the
                                        edge of the continental margin
                                        exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
                               Climate: tropical in south; monsoonal in
                                        north with hot, rainy season (mid-
                                        May to mid-September) and warm, dry
                                        season (mid-October to mid-March)
                               Terrain: low, flat delta in south and north;
                                        central highlands; hilly,
                                        mountainous in far north and
                                        northwest
                    Elevation extremes: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
                                        highest point: Ngoc Linh 3,143 m
                     Natural resources: phosphates, coal, manganese,
                                        bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and
                                        gas deposits, forests, hydropower
                              Land use: arable land: 17.41%
                                        permanent crops: 4.71%
                                        other: 77.87% (1998 est.)
                        Irrigated land: 30,000 sq km (1998 est.)
                       Natural hazards: occasional typhoons (May to January)
                                        with extensive flooding, especially
                                        in the Mekong River delta
          Environment - current issues: logging and slash-and-burn
                                        agricultural practices contribute to
                                        deforestation and soil degradation;
                                        water pollution and overfishing
                                        threaten marine life populations;
                                        groundwater contamination limits
                                        potable water supply; growing urban
                                        industrialization and population
                                        migration are rapidly degrading
                                        environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh
                                        City
            Environment - international party to: Biodiversity, Climate
                            agreements: Change, Desertification, Endangered
                                        Species, Environmental Modification,
                                        Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
                                        Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
                                        Pollution, Wetlands
                                        signed, but not ratified: Climate
                                        Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear Test
                                        Ban
                      Geography - note: extending 1,650 km north to south,
                                        the country is only 50 km across at
                                        its narrowest point
  
   People Vietnam
   --------------
                            Population: 81,098,416 (July 2002 est.)
                         Age structure: 0-14 years: 31.6% (male 13,259,152;
                                        female 12,392,089)
                                        15-64 years: 62.9% (male 24,938,098;
                                        female 26,083,681)
                                        65 years and over: 5.5% (male
                                        1,749,531; female 2,675,865) (2002
                                        est.)
                Population growth rate: 1.43% (2002 est.)
                            Birth rate: 20.89 births/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                            Death rate: 6.14 deaths/1,000 population (2002
                                        est.)
                    Net migration rate: -0.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population
                                        (2002 est.)
                             Sex ratio: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
                                        under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
                                        15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
                                        65 years and over: 0.65 male(s)/
                                        female
                                        total population: 0.97 male(s)/
                                        female (2002 est.)
                 Infant mortality rate: 29.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2002
                                        est.)
              Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.86 years
                                        female: 72.5 years (2002 est.)
                                        male: 67.4 years
                  Total fertility rate: 2.44 children born/woman (2002 est.)
      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.24% (1999 est.)
     HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ 100,000 (1999 est.)
                                  AIDS:
                     HIV/AIDS - deaths: 2,500 (1999 est.)
                           Nationality: noun: Vietnamese (singular and
                                        plural)
                                        adjective: Vietnamese
                         Ethnic groups: Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong,
                                        Thai, Khmer, Cham, mountain groups
                             Religions: Buddhist, Hoa Hao, Cao Dai,
                                        Christian (predominantly Roman
                                        Catholic, some Protestant),
                                        indigenous beliefs, Muslim
                             Languages: Vietnamese (official), English
                                        (increasingly favored as a second
                                        language), some French, Chinese, and
                                        Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-
                                        Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
                              Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read
                                        and write
                                        total population: 93.7%
                                        male: 96.5%
                                        female: 91.2% (1995 est.)
  
   Government Vietnam
   ------------------
                          Country name: conventional long form: Socialist
                                        Republic of Vietnam
                                        conventional short form: Vietnam
                                        local short form: Viet Nam
                                        abbreviation: SRV
                                        local long form: Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu
                                        Nghia Viet Nam
                       Government type: Communist state
                               Capital: Hanoi
              Administrative divisions: 58 provinces (tinh, singular and
                                        plural), and 3 municipalities* (thu
                                        do, singular and plural); An Giang,
                                        Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Lieu, Bac
                                        Ninh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh
                                        Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh
                                        Thuan, Ca Mau, Can Tho, Cao Bang,
                                        Dac Lak, Da Nang, Dong Nai, Dong
                                        Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Hai Duong,
                                        Hai Phong*, Ha Nam, Ha Noi*, Ha Tay,
                                        Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Ho Chi Minh*,
                                        Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon
                                        Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son,
                                        Lao Cai, Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An,
                                        Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Tho, Phu
                                        Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang
                                        Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc
                                        Trang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh,
                                        Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-
                                        Hue, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen
                                        Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai
                          Independence: 2 September 1945 (from France)
                      National holiday: Independence Day, 2 September (1945)
                          Constitution: 15 April 1992
                          Legal system: based on communist legal theory and
                                        French civil law system
                              Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
                      Executive branch: chief of state: President Tran Duc
                                        LUONG (since 24 September 1997)
                                        elections: president elected by the
                                        National Assembly from among its
                                        members for a five-year term;
                                        election last held 24 September 1997
                                        (next to be held when National
                                        Assembly meets following legislative
                                        elections in May 2002); prime
                                        minister appointed by the president
                                        from among the members of the
                                        National Assembly; deputy prime
                                        ministers appointed by the prime
                                        minister
                                        head of government: Prime Minister
                                        Phan Van KHAI (since 25 September
                                        1997); First Deputy Prime Minister
                                        Nguyen Tan DUNG (since 29 September
                                        1997); Deputy Prime Ministers Vu
                                        KHOAN (since NA) and Pham Gia KHIEM
                                        (since 29 September 1997)
                                        cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the
                                        president on the proposal of the
                                        prime minister and ratification of
                                        the National Assembly
                                        election results: Tran Duc LUONG
                                        elected president; percent of
                                        National Assembly vote - NA%
                    Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or
                                        Quoc-Hoi (498 seats; members elected
                                        by popular vote to serve five-year
                                        terms)
                                        elections: last held 19 May 2002
                                        (next to be held 2007)
                                        election results: percent of vote by
                                        party - CPV 90%, other 10% (the 10%
                                        are not CPV members but are approved
                                        by the CPV to stand for election);
                                        seats by party - CPV 447, CPV-
                                        approved 51
                       Judicial branch: Supreme People's Court (chief
                                        justice is elected for a five-year
                                        term by the National Assembly on the
                                        recommendation of the president)
         Political parties and leaders: only party - Communist Party of
                                        Vietnam or CPV [Nong Duc MANH,
                                        general secretary]
          Political pressure groups and none
                               leaders:
             International organization ACCT, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC,
                         participation: ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
                                        ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
                                        IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
                                        (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN,
                                        UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,
                                        WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
                                        (observer)
   Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Nguyen
                                        Tam CHIEN
                                        consulate(s) general: San Francisco
                                        FAX: [1] (202) 861-0917
                                        telephone: [1] (202) 861-0737
                                        chancery: 1233 20th Street NW, Suite
                                        400, Washington, DC 20036
     Diplomatic representation from the chief of mission: Ambassador Raymond
                                    US: F. BURGHARDT
                                        embassy: 7 Lang Ha Road, Ba Dinh
                                        District, Hanoi
                                        mailing address: PSC 461, Box 400,
                                        FPO AP 96521-0002
                                        telephone: [84] (4) 772-1500
                                        FAX: [84] (4) 772-1510
                                        consulate(s) general: Ho Chi Minh
                                        City
                      Flag description: red with a large yellow five-pointed
                                        star in the center
  
   Economy Vietnam
   ---------------
                    Economy - overview: Vietnam is a poor, densely populated
                                        country that has had to recover from
                                        the ravages of war, the loss of
                                        financial support from the old
                                        Soviet Bloc, and the rigidities of a
                                        centrally planned economy.
                                        Substantial progress was achieved
                                        from 1986 to 1996 in moving forward
                                        from an extremely low starting point
                                        - growth averaged around 9% per year
                                        from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asian
                                        financial crisis highlighted the
                                        problems in the Vietnamese economy
                                        but, rather than prompting reform,
                                        reaffirmed the government's belief
                                        that shifting to a market oriented
                                        economy leads to disaster. GDP
                                        growth of 8.5% in 1997 fell to 6% in
                                        1998 and 5% in 1999. Growth then
                                        rose to 6.8% in 2000 and dropped
                                        back to 4.7% in 2001 against the
                                        background of global recession.
                                        These numbers mask some major
                                        difficulties in economic
                                        performance. Many domestic
                                        industries, including coal, cement,
                                        steel, and paper, have reported
                                        large stockpiles of inventory and
                                        tough competition from more
                                        efficient foreign producers.
                                        Meanwhile, Vietnamese authorities
                                        have moved slowly in implementing
                                        the structural reforms needed to
                                        revitalize the economy and produce
                                        more competitive, export-driven
                                        industries. The US-Vietnam Bilateral
                                        Trade Agreement entered into force
                                        near the end of 2001 and is expected
                                        to significantly increase Vietnam's
                                        exports to the US. The US is
                                        assisting Vietnam with implementing
                                        the legal and structural reforms
                                        called for in the agreement.
                                   GDP: purchasing power parity - $168.1
                                        billion (2001 est.)
                GDP - real growth rate: 4.7% (2001 est.)
                      GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,100
                                        (2001 est.)
           GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 25%
                                        industry: 35%
                                        services: 40% (2000 est.)
         Population below poverty line: 37% (1998 est.)
     Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: 3.6%
                      percentage share: highest 10%: 29.9% (1998)
   Distribution of family income - Gini 36.1 (1998)
                                 index:
      Inflation rate (consumer prices): -0.3% (2001 est.)
                           Labor force: 38.2 million (1998 est.)
           Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 67%, industry and
                                        services 33% (1997 est.)
                     Unemployment rate: 25% (1995 est.)
                                Budget: revenues: $5.3 billion
                                        expenditures: $5.6 billion,
                                        including capital expenditures of
                                        $1.8 billion (1999 est.)
                            Industries: food processing, garments, shoes,
                                        machine building, mining, cement,
                                        chemical fertilizer, glass, tires,
                                        oil, coal, steel, paper
     Industrial production growth rate: 10.4% (2001 est.)
              Electricity - production: 25.775 billion kWh (2000)
    Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 40.74%
                                        hydro: 59.26%
                                        other: 0% (2000)
                                        nuclear: 0%
             Electricity - consumption: 23.97 billion kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
                 Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
                Agriculture - products: paddy rice, corn, potatoes, rubber,
                                        soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas,
                                        sugar; poultry, pigs; fish
                               Exports: $15.1 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
                 Exports - commodities: crude oil, marine products, rice,
                                        coffee, rubber, tea, garments, shoes
                    Exports - partners: Japan 18.1%, China 10.6%, Australia
                                        8.8%, Singapore 6.1%, Taiwan 5.2%,
                                        Germany 5.1%, US 5.1% (2000)
                               Imports: $15.3 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
                 Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment, petroleum
                                        products, fertilizer, steel
                                        products, raw cotton, grain, cement,
                                        motorcycles
                    Imports - partners: Singapore 17.7%, Japan 14.4%, Taiwan
                                        12.1%, South Korea 11.1%, China
                                        9.1%, Thailand 5.2%, Hong Kong 3.9%
                                        (2000)
                       Debt - external: $13.2 billion (2000)
              Economic aid - recipient: $2.1 billion in credits and grants
                                        pledged by international donors for
                                        2000
                              Currency: dong (VND)
                         Currency code: VND
                        Exchange rates: dong per US dollar - 15,085 (January
                                        2002), 14,725 (2001), 14,168 (2000),
                                        13,943 (1999), 13,268 (1998), 11,683
                                        (1997)
                           Fiscal year: calendar year
  
   Communications Vietnam
   ----------------------
        Telephones - main lines in use: 2.6 million (2000)
          Telephones - mobile cellular: 730,155 (2000)
                      Telephone system: general assessment: Vietnam is
                                        putting considerable effort into
                                        modernization and expansion of its
                                        telecommunication system, but its
                                        performance continues to lag behind
                                        that of its more modern neighbors
                                        domestic: all provincial exchanges
                                        are digitalized and connected to
                                        Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City
                                        by fiber-optic cable or microwave
                                        radio relay networks; since 1991,
                                        main lines in use have been
                                        substantially increased and the use
                                        of mobile telephones is growing
                                        rapidly
                                        international: satellite earth
                                        stations - 2 Intersputnik (Indian
                                        Ocean region)
              Radio broadcast stations: AM 65, FM 7, shortwave 29 (1999)
                                Radios: 8.2 million (1997)
         Television broadcast stations: at least 7 (plus 13 repeaters)
                                        (1998)
                           Televisions: 3.57 million (1997)
                 Internet country code: .vn
     Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 5 (2000)
                        Internet users: 160,000 (2001)
  
   Transportation Vietnam
   ----------------------
                              Railways: total: 3,142 km
                                        standard gauge: 209 km 1.435-m gauge
  
                                        narrow gauge: 2,625 km 1.000-m gauge
  
                                        dual gauge: 308 km three-rail track
                                        combining 1.435-m and 1.000-m gauges
                                        (2001)
                              Highways: total: 93,300 km
                                        paved: 23,418 km
                                        unpaved: 69,882 km (1996)
                             Waterways: 17,702 km
                                        note: more than 5,149 km are
                                        navigable at all times by vessels up
                                        to 1.8 m draft
                             Pipelines: petroleum products 150 km
                     Ports and harbors: Cam Ranh, Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi
                                        Minh City, Ha Long, Quy Nhon, Nha
                                        Trang, Vinh, Vung Tau
                       Merchant marine: total: 153 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
                                        totaling 782,912 GRT/1,173,186 DWT
                                        note: includes some foreign-owned
                                        ships registered here as a flag of
                                        convenience: Cambodia 1, Japan 1,
                                        Singapore 1, United Kingdom 2 (2002
                                        est.)
                                        ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 113,
                                        chemical tanker 1, combination bulk
                                        1, container 5, liquefied gas 2,
                                        petroleum tanker 20, refrigerated
                                        cargo 2
                              Airports: 34 (2001)
         Airports - with paved runways: total: 17
                                        over 3,047 m: 8
                                        2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
                                        under 914 m: 2 (2001)
       Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 17
                                        over 3,047 m: 1
                                        1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
                                        914 to 1,523 m: 7
                                        under 914 m: 8 (2001)
  
   Military Vietnam
   ----------------
                     Military branches: People's Army of Vietnam (includes
                                        Ground Forces, People's Navy Command
                                        [including Naval Infantry], Air and
                                        Air Defense Force, Coast Guard)
      Military manpower - military age: 17 years of age (2002 est.)
      Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 22,220,891 (2002
                                        est.)
   Military manpower - fit for military males age 15-49: 13,978,653 (2002
                               service: est.)
           Military manpower - reaching males: 961,124 (2002 est.)
                 military age annually:
         Military expenditures - dollar $650 million (FY98)
                                figure:
     Military expenditures - percent of 2.5% (FY98)
                                   GDP:
  
   Transnational Issues Vietnam
   ----------------------------
              Disputes - international: Vietnam disputes several offshore
                                        islands with Cambodia, preventing
                                        delimitation of a maritime boundary;
                                        Cambodia accuses Vietnam of
                                        territorial encroachments and
                                        initiating armed border incidents in
                                        seven provinces; demarcation of
                                        boundaries with Laos is nearing
                                        completion, but Laos protests
                                        Vietnamese squatters; involved in a
                                        complex dispute over the Spratly
                                        Islands with China, Malaysia,
                                        Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly
                                        Brunei; maritime boundary with China
                                        in the Gulf of Tonkin still awaits
                                        ratification; Paracel Islands
                                        occupied by China but claimed by
                                        Taiwan and Vietnam; demarcation of
                                        the land boundary with China has
                                        commenced, but details of the
                                        alignment have not been made public
                         Illicit drugs: minor producer of opium poppy with
                                        2,300 hectares cultivated in 2001,
                                        capable of producing 15 metric tons
                                        of opium; probable minor transit
                                        point for Southeast Asian heroin;
                                        domestic opium/heroin/
                                        methamphetamine addiction problems
  
                                       





 
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