Altitude has multiple uses depending on the context in which it is used (aviation, geometry, geographical survey, sport, and more). As a general definition, altitude is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. The reference datum also often varies according to the context.
Vertical distance measurements in the "down" direction are commonly referred to as depth.
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[edit] Altitudes in Geometry
In geometry altitude is a straight-line, right-angle distance, most often measured between two sides (the bases) and vertices. In the case of parallel sides of a polyhedron, the altitude is the right-angle distance between the two sides. In a triangle, the altitude of a triangle is the perpendicular acute segment from a vertex to a line that contains the opposite side. This is also known as the median of a triangle.
[edit] Altitude in aviation
In aviation, the term altitude can have several meanings, and is always qualified by either explicitly adding a modifier (e.g. "true altitude"), or implicitly through the context of the communication. Parties exchanging altitude information must be clear which definition is being used.[1]
Aviation altitude is measured using either Mean Sea Level (MSL) or local ground level (Above Ground Level, or AGL) as the reference datum.
With the exception of a few countries whose aviation authorities use metres (e.g. Russia), altitudes are stated in feet.
Pressure altitude divided by 100 feet is referred to as the flight level, and is used above the transition altitude (18,000 feet in the US, but may be as low as 3,000 feet in other jurisdictions); so when the altimeter reads 18,000 ft on the standard pressure setting the aircraft is said to be at "Flight level 180". When flying at a Flight Level, the altimeter is always set to standard pressure (29.92 / 1013.25).
On the flight deck, the definitive instrument for measuring altitude is the pressure altimeter, which is an aneroid barometer with a front face indicating distance (feet or metres) instead of atmospheric pressure.
There are several types of aviation altitude:
- Indicated altitude is the reading on the altimeter!
- Absolute altitude is the height of the aircraft above the terrain over which it is flying. Also referred to feet/metres Above Ground Level (AGL).
- True altitude is the elevation above mean sea level. In UK aviation radiotelephony usage, the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level; this is referred to over the radio as altitude.(see QNH)[2]
- Height is the elevation above a ground reference point, commonly the terrain elevation. In UK aviation radiotelephony usage, the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum; this is referred to over the radio as height, where the specified datum is the airfield elevation (see QFE)[2]
- Pressure altitude is the elevation above a standard datum air-pressure plane (typically, 1013.25 millibars or 29.92" Hg and 15°C). Pressure altitude and indicated altitude are the same when the altimeter is set to 29.92" Hg or 1013.25 millibars.
- Density altitude is the altitude corrected for non-ISA International Standard Atmosphere atmospheric conditions. Aircraft performance depends on density altitude, which is affected by barometric pressure, humidity and temperature. On a very hot day, density altitude at an airport (especially one at a high elevation) may be so high as to preclude takeoff, particularly for helicopters or a heavily loaded aircraft.
[edit] Altitude in sport
Atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases, and as the pressure decreases less oxygen is available for sportsmen to utilise. These are the basis for two contradictory effects of altitude on exercise and sport. For explosive events (sprints up to 400 metres, long jump, triple jump) the reduction in atmospheric pressure means there is less resistance from the atmosphere and the athlete's performance will generally be better at altitude. For endurance events (races of 5000 metres or more) the predominant effect is the reduction in oxygen which generally reduces the athlete's performance at altitude.
Living at altitude causes the body to physiologically adapt to the reduction in available oxygen (a process known as acclimatisation) so that an advantage in oxygen take-up is evidenced when the athlete returns to a lower altitude. These changes are the basis of altitude training which forms an integral part of the training of athletes in a number of endurance sports including track and field, distance running, triathlon, cycling and swimming.
Sports organisations also acknowledge the effects of altitude on performance. The International Association of Athletic Federations (IAAF), for example, have ruled that performances achieved at an altitude greater than 1000 metres will not be approved for record purposes.
[edit] Altitude regions
Although the term altitude is commonly used to mean the height above sea level of a location, in geography the term elevation is often preferred for this usage.
Mountain medicine recognizes three altitude regions:[3]
- High altitude = 1500 m – 3500 m (5000 – 11,500 ft)
- Very High altitude = 3500 m – 5500 m (11,500 – 18,000 ft)
- Extreme altitude = 5500 m – above
Travel to high altitudes can lead to medical problems, from the mild symptoms of acute mountain sickness to the potentially fatal high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE) and high altitude cerebral oedema (HACE). These conditions are caused by the profound hypoxia associated with travel to high altitudes.
The Earth's atmosphere is divided into several altitude regions:[4]
- Troposphere — surface to 8000 m / 5 miles at poles – 18,000 m / 11 miles at equator, ending at the Tropopause.
- Stratosphere — Tropopause to 50 km /31 miles
- Mesosphere — Stratopause to 85 km /53 miles
- Thermosphere — Mesopause to 675 km / 420 miles
- Exosphere — Thermopause to 10,000 km /6200 miles
[edit] References
- ^ Air Navigation. Department of the Air Force. 1 December 1989. AFM 51-40.
- ^ a b Radiotelephony Manual. UK Civil Aviation Authority. 1 January 1995. CAP413. ISBN 0860396010.
- ^ "Non-Physician Altitude Tutorial". International Society for Mountain Medicine. http://www.ismmed.org/np_altitude_tutorial.htm.
- ^ "Layers of the Atmosphere". JetStream, the National Weather Service Online Weather School. National Weather Service. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/srh/jetstream/atmos/layers.htm.
[edit] External links
- "Altitude pressure calculator". Apex (altitude physiology expeditions). http://www.altitude.org/calculators/airpressure.htm. Retrieved on 2006-08-08.
- "The Race to the Stratosphere". U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/race_to_strato/LTA11.htm.
- Downloadable ETOPO2 Raw Data Database (2 minute grid)
- Downloadable ETOPO5 Raw Data Database (5 minute grid)
- Calculate true altitude with these JavaScript applications
[edit] See also
- Altitude sickness
- Death zone
- Flight altitude record
- High altitude pulmonary edema
- High altitude cerebral edema
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